Method of actuating a clutch

ABSTRACT

A method of actuating a clutch in a power transmission device having a first rotary member and a second rotary member includes compressing a spring, releasing the spring to pressurize a fluid, supplying the pressurized fluid to a piston, and applying a force from the piston to the clutch to transfer torque between the first and second rotary members.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/931,588 filed Sep. 1, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,182,194. Thedisclosure of the above application is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to power transfer systemsoperable for controlling the distribution of drive torque between a pairof rotary shafts and, more particularly, to clutch control systemsoperable to efficiently convert electrical energy to mechanicalpotential energy for subsequent actuation of a clutch.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In view of increased consumer demand for four-wheel drive vehicles, aplethora of power transfer systems are currently being utilized invehicular driveline applications for selectively directing power (i.e.,drive torque) to the non-driven wheels of the vehicle. In many powertransfer systems, a part-time transfer case is incorporated into thedriveline and is normally operable in a two-wheel drive mode fordelivering drive torque to the driven wheels. A mechanical mode shiftmechanism can be selectively actuated by the vehicle operator forrigidly coupling the non-driven wheel to the driven wheels in order toestablish a part-time four-wheel drive mode. As will be appreciated, amotor vehicle equipped with a part-time transfer case offers the vehicleoperator the option of selectively shifting between the two-wheel drivemode during normal road conditions and the part-time four-wheel drivemode for operation under adverse road conditions.

Alternatively, it is known to use “on-demand” power transfer systems forautomatically directing power to the non-driven wheels, without anyinput or action on the part of the vehicle operator, when traction islost at the driven wheels. Modernly, it is known to incorporate theon-demand feature into a transfer case by replacing themechanically-actuated mode shift mechanism with a clutch assembly thatis interactively associated with an electronic control system and asensor arrangement. During normal road conditions, the clutch assemblyis maintained in a non-actuated condition such that the drive torque isonly delivered to the driven wheels. However, when the sensors detect alow traction condition at the driven wheels, the clutch assembly isautomatically actuated to deliver drive torque “on-demand” to thenon-driven wheels. Moreover, the amount of drive torque transferredthrough the clutch assembly to the normally non-driven wheels can bevaried as a function of specific vehicle dynamics, as detected by thesensor arrangement.

Conventional clutch assemblies typically include a clutch pack operablyconnected between a drive member and a driven member. A power-operatedactuator controls engagement of the clutch pack. Specifically, torque istransferred from the drive member to the driven member by actuating thepower-operated actuator. The power-operated actuator displaces an applyplate which acts on the clutch pack and increases the frictionalengagement between the interleaved plates.

A variety of power-operated actuators have been used in the art.Exemplary embodiments include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,024wherein a ball-ramp arrangement is used to displace the apply plate whena current is provided to an induction motor. Another example disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,060, assigned to the assignee of the presentapplication, includes a linear actuator that pivots a lever arm toregulate the frictional forces applied to the clutch pack. These typesof systems are often equipped with motors that may require peakelectrical currents greater than optimally desired to operate the clutchactuators. While the above actuator devices may perform adequately fortheir intended purpose, a need exists for an improved clutch actuationsystem that requires a relatively low, minimally fluctuating supply ofelectrical power for operation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method of actuating a clutch in a power transmission device having afirst rotary member and a second rotary member includes compressing aspring, releasing the spring to pressurize a fluid, supplying thepressurized fluid to a piston, and applying a force from the piston tothe clutch to transfer torque between the first and second rotarymembers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will become more fully understood from thedetailed description given below, the appended claims, and theaccompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an exemplary four-wheel drivevehicle having the clutch control systems of the present inventionincorporated therein;

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a first embodiment clutchactuation system;

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an alternate embodiment clutchactuation system;

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an alternate embodiment clutchactuation system; and

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of an alternate embodiment clutchactuation system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In general, the present invention is directed to a power transfer systemwhich is operably installed between the driven and non-driven wheels ofa four-wheel drive vehicle. In operation, the amount of drive torquetransferred to the non-driven wheels is controllably regulated inaccordance with various system and driver-initiated inputs foroptimizing the tractive characteristics of the vehicle. In addition, thepower transfer system may also include a mode select mechanism forpermitting a vehicle operator to select between a two-drive wheel mode,a part-time four-wheel drive mode, and an “on-demand” drive mode. Thepower transfer system of the present invention includes a clutch controlsystem for converting electrical energy to mechanical potential energyto alleviate exceedingly high peak electrical current requirements thatmay occur during vehicle operation.

Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a drivetrain for a four-wheel drivevehicle is schematically shown interactively associated with a powertransfer system 10. The motor vehicle drivetrain has a pair of frontwheels 12 and rear wheels 14 both drivable from a source of power, suchas an engine 16, through a transmission 18 which may be of either themanual or automatic type. In the particular embodiment shown, thedrivetrain is a rear wheel drive system which incorporates a transfercase 20 operable to receive drive torque from engine 16 and transmission18 for normally driving rear wheels 14 (i.e., the “driven” wheels) in atwo-wheel drive mode of operation. Front wheels 12 and rear wheels 14are shown connected at opposite ends of front and rear axle assemblies22 and 24, respectively. As is known, a rear differential 26 isinterconnected between rear axle assembly 24 and one end of a rear driveshaft 28, the opposite end of which is interconnected to a first outputshaft 30 of transfer case 20. Similarly, front axle assembly 22 includesa front differential 32 that is coupled to one end of a front driveshaft 34, the opposite end of which is coupled to a second output shaft36 of transfer case 20. It is to be understood that the specificorientation of the drivetrain is merely exemplary in nature and that thedrivetrain could be reversed for normally driving front wheels 12.

Transfer case 20 is equipped with a torque transfer clutch 38 forselectively delivering drive torque to front wheels 12 (i.e., thenon-driven wheels) to establish a four-wheel drive mode of operation.The operating mode of transfer clutch 38 is generally controlled inresponse to a mode signal generated by a mode selector 40 and which issent to a controller 42. Controller 42 also receives input signals fromone or more vehicle sensors 44 that are indicative of variousoperational characteristic of the vehicle.

When the two-wheel drive mode is selected, all drive torque is deliveredfrom first output shaft 30 to rear wheels 14 and transfer clutch 38 ismaintained in a “non-actuated” condition. When the part-time four-wheeldrive mode is selected, transfer clutch 38 is fully actuated andmaintained in a “lock-up” condition such that second output shaft 36 is,in effect, rigidly coupled for driven rotation with first output shaft30. When the “on-demand” drive mode is selected, controller 42communicates with a clutch control system 200 to control the degree ofactuation of transfer clutch 38 for varying the amount of drive torquedirected to front wheels 12 through transfer clutch 38 as a function ofthe sensor input signals for providing improved tractive performancewhen needed. In addition, controller 42 is adapted to controllablymodulate the actuated state of transfer clutch 38 as described ingreater detail hereinafter. By way of example rather than limitation,the control scheme generally disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,060 issuedJul. 26, 1994 to Sperduti et al. and assigned to the common assignee ofthe present invention (the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference) can be used to control adaptive actuation of transfer clutch38 during on-demand operation.

FIGS. 2-5 depict various clutch control systems for storing mechanicalenergy and reducing the maximum required electrical current for clutchactuation. The clutch control systems discussed below are an improvementover prior systems due to their ability to reduce peak power draw andoverall power consumption from the vehicle's electrical system whileoperating the modulating clutch. The decrease in power draw is primarilyaccomplished by using a relatively low amount of electrical energy overtime to charge a mechanical energy storage device and releasing theenergy rapidly when required. This control scheme makes it possible toreduce the size of vehicle electrical system including the wires andcircuitry controlling the electrical system. Each of the clutch controlsystems described below provides for operating a modulating clutch orclutches. The controls for the modulating clutches utilize availablevehicle information along with hydraulic system information to react toa vehicle command to provide the required torque and/or speed.

The first exemplary embodiment clutch control system 200 is depicted inFIG. 2. Clutch control system 200 includes an accumulator 202 as anenergy storage device. Accumulator 202 may be of the gas or spring type.Clutch control system 200 also includes an electric motor 204, a gearreduction unit 206, a nut 208, and a lead screw 210 coupled to ahydraulic actuator 212. Electric motor 204 is drivingly coupled to gearreduction unit 206. The output from gear reduction unit 206 is engagedwith lead screw 210. Operation of motor 204 causes lead screw 210 torotate. Lead screw 210 is threadingly coupled to nut 208 such thatrotation of lead screw 210 causes nut 208 to axially translate.

Hydraulic actuator 212 includes a housing 214 defining a cavity 216, abacking piston 218 and a master piston 220 slidably positioned withincavity 216 of housing 214. An optional vent 221 extends from housing 214to interconnect cavity 216 with a reservoir (not shown) containingadditional fluid. Backing piston 218 is fixed to nut 208. A spring 222interconnects backing piston 218 and master piston 220. Spring 222 maybe compressed to allow master piston 220 to translate toward backingpiston 218. During spring compression, housing 214, master piston 220and spring 222 function as a second or low pressure accumulator 223.Spring compression is limited by direct contact between master piston220 and backing piston 218. Once the pistons engage one another, arelatively high pressure may be generated and provided to accumulator202.

Clutch control system 200 also includes a first pressure sensor 224 incommunication with accumulator 202. First pressure sensor 224 isoperable to provide a signal indicative of the fluid pressure withinaccumulator 202 to a controller 225. It should be appreciated thatcontroller 225 may be a stand alone unit or may be incorporated as partof controller 42. A non-returning check valve 226 is plumbed betweencavity 216 and accumulator 202 to allow pressurized fluid to enter theaccumulator but restrict flow from the accumulator toward thepressurized fluid source. A first control valve 228 is operable toselectively supply pressurized fluid within accumulator 202 to a clutchactuator assembly 230. Depending on system requirements, first controlvalve 228 may be a variable force solenoid, a pulse width modulationcontrol valve, a proportional flow control valve or a proportionalpressure control valve. Clutch actuator assembly 230 includes aplurality of slave pistons 232 substantially circumferentially spacedapart from one another and in communication with an apply plate 234.Apply plate 234 is axially moveable and operable to transmit a clutchengagement force to transfer clutch 38.

Transfer clutch 38 is a multi-plate clutch assembly that is arranged totransfer torque between first output shaft 30 and second output shaft36. Transfer clutch 38 includes a cylindrical drum 236 shown to beoperably fixed for rotation with second output shaft 36 and having aplurality of first or outer clutch plates 238 mounted (i.e., splined)for rotation with drum 236. A clutch hub 240 of transfer clutch 38 isfixed for rotation with first output shaft 30. A second set of clutchplates 242, referred to as inner clutch plates, are mounted (i.e.,splined) for rotation with clutch hub 240. Torque is transferred betweenfirst output shaft 30 and second output shaft 36 by frictionallyengaging first clutch plates 238 with second clutch plates 242 with acompression force supplied by apply plate 234.

Slave pistons 232 are slidably engageable with apply plate 234 andtransmit a force proportional to the pressure acting on each of slavepistons 232. A second pressure sensor 244 is plumbed in communicationwith slave pistons 232. Second pressure sensor 244 is operable to outputa signal indicative of the fluid pressure acting on slave pistons 232.The signal is provided to controller 225 and used as a feedback signalto control the torque generated by transfer clutch 38. A second controlvalve 245 is operable to selectively supply pressurized fluid acting onslave pistons 232 to second accumulator 223. As mentioned earlier,second or low pressure accumulator 223 is defined by housing 214, masterpiston 220 and spring 222. Second accumulator 223 contains fluid at asubstantially lower pressure than accumulator 202. Pressure acting onslave pistons 232 may be selectively released to second accumulator 223by actuating second control valve 245.

An optional second non-returning check valve 246 acts as a pressurerelief valve to allow fluid previously acting on slave pistons 232 toreturn to cavity 216. One skilled in the art will appreciate that clutchcontrol system 200 is a closed hydraulic system. Accordingly, fluid neednot be continually supplied to clutch control system 200 once the systemhas been initially filled with hydraulic fluid. An account for fluidleakage may be made as will be described.

In operation, clutch control system 200 operates to charge accumulator202 with fluid at a relatively high pressure by operating motor 204 totranslate nut 208 and backing piston 218 in an advancing direction.Spring 222 and master piston 220 will also translate the same amountuntil pressure within cavity 216 builds to a magnitude large enough toovercome the force generated by spring 222. Pressurized fluid passesthrough non-returning check valve 226 and enters accumulator 202. Duringthe accumulator charging cycle, first control valve 228 is closed. Ifclutch control system 200 is not equipped with a second non-returningcheck valve, second control valve 245 is also maintained in the closedposition to charge accumulator 202. As the pressure within accumulator202 increases, master piston 220 engages backing piston 218 and arelatively large pressure may be supplied to accumulator 202 via motor204 and gear reduction unit 206. It should be appreciated that motor204, gear reduction unit 206, lead screw 210 and housing 214 aredesigned to produce a maximum desired pressure while requiring only 5amps or less of current from the vehicle power source.

Once the desired pressure is stored in accumulator 202 as indicated bypressure sensor 224, motor 204 reverses for a limited duration to allowbacking piston 218 to be spaced apart from master piston 220 as depictedin FIG. 2. At this time, clutch control system 200 awaits a torquedemand signal. Upon receipt of a signal for torque from controller 225,first control valve 228 is opened to supply pressurized fluid to slavepistons 232. The signal output from second pressure sensor 244 indicatesthe pressure acting upon slave pistons 232 and may be correlated totorque generated by transfer clutch 38. If a reduction in output torquefrom transfer clutch 38 is desired, one of two processes may accomplishthis task. One method includes allowing second control valve to shift toits normally open position thereby releasing pressurized fluid intocavity 216. Master piston 220 compresses spring 222 acting as a lowpressure accumulator and reduces the pressure acting upon slave pistons232. Alternatively, motor 204 may be rotated to cause backing piston218, spring 222 and master piston 220 to move in a retracting directionafter second control valve 245 is opened. This allows more fluid toenter cavity 216 and further reduce the pressure acting on slave pistons232.

In an alternate form, clutch control system 200 may be equipped with analternate second control valve (not shown) that operates as a normallyclosed valve as opposed to the normally open configuration shown in FIG.2. If second control valve 245 is a normally closed valve, leakage offluid past first control valve 228 may cause transfer clutch 38 to be inan applied condition during vehicle inoperative times. Some OriginalEquipment Manufacturers may not wish this condition and specify thenormally open second control valve. Furthermore, any number of thevalves presently depicted may be plumbed as normally or normally closedvalves to meet vehicle manufacturer requirements.

FIG. 3 depicts an alternate embodiment clutch control system 300. Clutchcontrol system 300 is a closed system similar to the clutch controlsystem previously discussed. Like elements will retain the referencenumerals previously introduced. Clutch control system 300 includes anactuator 302 that functions as a high pressure accumulator and masterpiston combination. Actuator 302 includes a power piston 304 slidablypositioned within a cavity 306 of a housing 308. Power piston 304includes a body portion 310 having a pocket 312. Pocket 312 receives anut 314 coupled to lead screw 210. A relatively large spring 316 ispositioned between housing 308 and body portion 310 of power piston 304.Clutch control system 300 is operable to convert electrical energy intomechanical potential energy by compressing spring 316. Power piston 304also includes a stem portion 318 operably acting on hydraulic fluidcontained within a hydraulic cavity 319 of housing 308. A seal 320sealingly engages stem 318 and cavity 319 to maintain a closed hydraulicsystem.

Motor 204 rotates to axially displace nut 314 and engage an edge 322 ofnut 314 with a wall 324 of pocket 312. Nut 314 is sized to less thancompletely fill pocket 312 as indicated by a second edge 326 of nut 314being spaced apart from a wall 328 of pocket 312. Motor 204 is rotatedto cause body portion 310 of power piston 304 to move in a retractingdirection and compress spring 316. Once a predetermined compression hasoccurred, motor 204 stops. During the retraction movement of powerpiston 304, hydraulic fluid is supplied from a low pressure accumulator330 to hydraulic cavity 319 in which stem portion 318 is slidablypositioned. At this point in time, the position of power piston 304 isrestrained by spring 316 and the fluid trapped between firstnon-returning check valve 226 and first control valve 228.

To ready actuator 302 for operation, motor 204 is operated to axiallytranslate nut 314 within pocket 312 until second edge 326 contacts wall328. During a torque request, first control valve 228 is opened. Spring316 forces fluid through first control valve 228 into contact with slavepistons 232. Slave pistons 232 act on apply plate 234 to cause transferclutch 38 to transmit torque. To reduce the magnitude of torquegenerated by transfer clutch 38, a second control valve 332 is operableto release highly pressurized fluid acting on slave pistons 232 to enterlow pressure accumulator 330. If further reduction in the output torqueis required, motor 204 is actuated to engage edge 322 of nut 314 withwall 324 of power piston 304 and retract stem portion 318 to allowadditional hydraulic fluid to enter hydraulic cavity 319.

Clutch control system 300 is further operable to limit the amount ofenergy released from storage during periods of time when the vehicle isnot being operated. Just prior to vehicle shutdown, actuator 302 willtypically be in a condition of readiness for actuation. Such a conditionexists when spring 316 has been compressed and second edge 326 of nut314 is engaged with wall 328 of pocket 312. During vehicle storage,pressurized fluid may travel past first control valve 228 even though itis in the closed position. The amount of fluid will be limited by theallowable travel of power piston 304. Power piston 304 may only traveluntil wall 324 engages edge 322 of nut 314. At this time, load fromspring 316 will be reacted by nut 314 and lead screw 210. As mentionedearlier, the interconnection between nut 314 and lead screw 210 is notan overrunning engagement. Accordingly, force supplied by power piston304 to nut 314 will not cause nut 314 to be axially displaced. Becausespring 316 will no longer be applying force to power piston 304, leakagethrough first control valve 228 will stop.

FIG. 4 depicts an alternate embodiment clutch control system 400operable for selectively supplying an actuation force to transfer clutch38. Clutch control system 400 is substantially similar to clutch controlsystem 300 previously described. For clarity, like elements will retaintheir previously introduced reference numerals. Elements that have beenmodified will be identified with a prime designation.

Clutch control system 400 includes an actuator 402 operable forsupplying pressurized fluid to slave pistons 232. Actuator 402 is nearlyidentical to actuator 302 except a pocket 312′ is sized to closelysurround nut 314 such that edge 322 is adjacent a wall 324′ at the sametime second edge 326 is nearly adjacent a wall 328′ of power piston304′. A small axial clearance may exist between nut 314 and power piston304′. Alternatively, belleville washers (not shown) may be positioned oneither side of the nut within pocket 312′. By way of further comparisonto clutch control system 300, clutch control system 400 does not includefirst control valve 228 and second pressure sensor 244. Cavity 319′ isin direct communication with slave pistons 232. First pressure sensor224 is operable to indicate the pressure acting on slave pistons 232.

To charge actuator 402, motor 204 is operated to cause lead screw 210 torotate. Rotation of lead screw 210 axially translates nut 314. Motor 204is energized until spring 316 is sufficiently compressed. As describedin relation to clutch control system 300, during a retracting movementof power piston 304′, hydraulic fluid is supplied from low pressureaccumulator 330 to hydraulic cavity 319′.

To provide pressurized fluid to slave pistons 232, electric motor 204 isactuated to move nut 314 from left to right as reviewed in FIG. 4. Asnut 314 is moved, force from spring 316 is transferred to the fluidcontained within cavity 319′. Second control valve 245 is maintained inan energized state during transfer clutch actuation.

To reduce the torque generated by transfer clutch 38, second controlvalve 245 is allowed to shift to the open position to allow pressurizedfluid to enter low pressure accumulator 330. If further clutch reductionis required, motor 204 is actuated to retract power piston 304′.

FIG. 5 depicts another alternate embodiment clutch control systemidentified by reference numeral 500. Clutch control system 500 issubstantially similar to clutch control system 400 with the exceptionthat lead screw 210 is replaced by a ball screw 502. A brake 504 iscoupled to motor 204 to selectively resist rotation of the ball screw.When brake 504 is not actuated, the force generated by spring 316 issufficient to cause nut 314 to overrun on the ball screw and move powerpiston 304′ in an advancing direction. When the brake is actuated, ballscrew 502 is restricted from rotation and nut 314 maintains its axialposition. As such, the amount of fluid allowed to leak out from thepower piston cavity during periods of non-use is limited.

The foregoing discussion discloses and describes an exemplary embodimentof the present invention. One skilled in the art will readily recognizefrom such discussion, and from the accompanying drawings and claims thatvarious changes, modifications and variations can be made thereinwithout departing from the true spirit and fair scope of the inventionas defined by the following claims.

1. A method of actuating a clutch in a power transmission device havinga first rotary member and a second rotary member, the method comprising:rotating a screw to translate a power piston to compress a spring;releasing said spring to transfer a force through said power piston andpressurize a fluid in contact with said power piston, said pressurizedfluid directly acting on a piston; and applying a force from said pistonto said clutch to transfer torque between said first and second rotarymembers.
 2. The method of claim 1 further including rotating said screwto translate a nut wherein translation of said nut in a first directioncauses said spring to be compressed.
 3. The method of claim 2 furtherincluding capturing said nut in a pocket formed in said power piston,positioning said power piston in engagement with said spring and saidpressurized fluid, and selectively driving said power piston to compresssaid spring.
 4. The method of claim 1 further including maintaining adesired pressure of fluid on said piston by selectively releasing saidpressurized fluid to an accumulator.
 5. The method of claim 2 furtherincluding rotating said screw to translate said nut in a directionopposite said first direction to reduce pressure acting on said piston.6. A method of actuating a clutch in a power transmission device havinga first rotary member and a second rotary member, the method comprising:compressing a spring; releasing said spring to pressurize a fluid;supplying said pressurized fluid to a piston; applying a force from saidpiston to said clutch to transfer torgue between said first and secondrotary members; capturing a nut in a pocket formed in a power piston;positioning said power piston in engagement with said spring and saidpressurized fluid; rotating a screw to translate said nut in a firstdirection to cause said power piston to compress said spring; androtating said screw in a direction to space apart said nut from saidpower piston after said spring has been compressed.
 7. A method ofactuating a clutch in a power transmission device having a first rotarymember and a second rotary member, the method comprising: actuating anelectric motor to compress a spring and store energy at an average powerdraw; releasing said spring to pressurize a fluid at an energy transferrate substantially greater than said average power draw; supplying saidpressurized fluid to a piston; and providing an engagement force fromsaid piston to said clutch to drivingly interconnect said first andsecond rotary members.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein releasing saidspring to pressurize said fluid includes engaging said spring with apower piston.
 9. The method of claim 8 further including positioningsaid power piston and said spring within a common housing.
 10. Themethod of claim 9 further including coupling one of a screw and a nut tosaid electric motor and coupling the other of said screw and said nut tosaid power piston and translating said power piston within said housingin response to operation of said electric motor.
 11. The method of claim7 wherein actuating said electric motor to compress said spring includesrotating said motor in a first direction and wherein releasing saidspring includes rotating said motor in a direction opposite said firstdirection.
 12. The method of claim 7 further including actuating a valveto release said pressurized fluid from acting on said piston.
 13. Themethod of claim 12 further including storing said fluid released fromacting on said piston in an accumulator.
 14. The method of claim 13further including supplying said fluid from said accumulator to a powerpiston being acted upon by said spring to form a closed hydrauliccircuit.
 15. The method of claim 7 further including maintaining adesired pressure of fluid on said piston by selectively releasing saidpressurized fluid to an accumulator.
 16. A method of actuating a clutchin a power transmission device having a first rotary member and a secondrotary member, the method comprising: positioning a power piston and aspring within a cavity formed in a housing; actuating an electric motorto linearly drive said power piston in a first direction; compressingsaid spring with an enlarged diameter portion of said power piston;releasing said spring and translating said power piston in a seconddirection opposite said first direction; compressing fluid in contactwith a reduced diameter portion of said power piston; and providingpressurized fluid to a piston to apply an engagement force to saidclutch and transfer torque between said first and second rotary members.17. The method of claim 16 further including coupling one of a screw anda nut to said electric motor and coupling the other of said screw andsaid nut to said power piston and translating said power piston withinsaid housing in response to operation of said electric motor.
 18. Themethod of claim 17 further including capturing said nut in a pocketformed in said power piston.
 19. The method of claim 16 furtherincluding actuating a valve to release said pressurized fluid fromacting on said piston.
 20. The method of claim 17 further includingmaintaining a desired pressure of fluid on said piston by selectivelyreleasing said pressurized fluid to an accumulator.